Watercolor

Watercolor paints contain four principal ingredients: pigments, natural or synthetic, mineral or organic gum arabic.

Watercolor Painting

The Gum Arabic acts as the binder that suspends the pigment. Additives such as glycerin, ox gall, honey, or other preservatives may be added to paint colors to alter their viscosity.

Gum Arabic is a dried, water-soluble exudate primarily from two species of the Acacia tree in sub-Saharan Africa (Acacia senegal and A. seyal). Humans have used Gum Arabic as a medium for thousands of years.

Arcadia Tree

Gum Arabic also fixes the pigments onto a painting surface. The traditional and most common support is watercolor paper.

Water activates the paints. The vehicle mixture solvent (water) is used to thin or dilute the paint for application. It then evaporates as the paint hardens or dries.


Watercolor (American English) or watercolor (British English), as well as aquarelle (French, from Italian diminutive of Latin aqua "water"), refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork.

The watercolor medium dates back to Paleolithic cave paintings in Europe and was used on papyrus during the Egyptian civilization. It was frequently used for manuscript illustration in monasteries during the European Middle Ages. It was well documented during the German Renaissance since the artist Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) used it.

Watercolor

In the early 19th century, American artists seemed to regard watercolor primarily as a sketching tool in preparation for the "finished" work in oil; however, it is an ancient medium.

In East Asia, watercolor painting with ink was referred to as scroll or brush painting. Chinese, Korean, and Japanese painting has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or brown, frequently using an ink stick or other pigments. India, Ethiopia, and other countries have long traditions of watercolor painting.

Terminology

Includes the following.


Wash


What is It?

This technique is primarily used in watercolor, where pigment is applied onto wet paper or with a brush that holds a lot of water.


Flat Wash

A flat wash is used to cover a large area of paper. Using only one color is the most basic water medium technique, resulting in an even tone area across the paper. The more water added, the lighter the tone will be. The more pigment added, the darker the tone will be.


Wet into Wet Wash

It is produced by wetting the paper surface. "Charging in" is the addition of color to wet paint. Once sufficient pigment has been added to quickly fill the entire area, let it dry.


The Bloom Effect

Blooms happen when a drop of water falls on wet paint and spreads, pushing the paint on the paper outwards. It also occurs when a wash is partially dry. More water is added, usually from the brush.


Wet into Dry

It is produced by adding sufficient pigment and water to dry paper. The advantage of this technique is that you have more control.



Gradation


What is It?

Gradation is a watercolor technique used to transition. It is a visual effect that may create space, distance, atmosphere, volume, and curved or rounded forms. Any of the following may be used in a gradual change.


Value

Change in value from lighter to darker (or vice versa), i.e., a change in tint or shade.


Color

Change in color or hue (gradually from one color to the next), e.g., from red to blue or vice versa.


Temperature

Change in temperature (gradually from one temperature to the next), i.e., from warm to cool or vice versa.


Intensity

Change in brightness or dullness (from one chroma or intensity gradually to the next).



Glazes


What Are They?

It is a layer of semi-transparent paint laid over another painted surface, so the original colors still show through.


How to Glaze?

Practice only when the paint is dry. Use a THIN wash with color and a soft brush. Drag the brush over another color once or twice, then let it dry.



Veiling


What is It?

Veiling involves building up color with several thin layers of transparent paint. It is primarily used in watercolor and may also be called "Illuminism."


How to Veil?

A transparent watercolor wash, or a thin layer of pigment, is laid over, or "veiled," another layer. Each paint layer must be dry before the next layer is applied. The layers of paint may be applied with or without using a pattern.



Transparent or Semi-transparent


What is it?

It refers to transparent paints that let light pass through, allowing the objects beneath to be distinctly seen.


What is Semi-transparent?

It refers to pigments that are partially or imperfectly transparent. These pigments allow light to pass through, so the objects underneath can be seen.


How to Work with Transparency or Semi-transparency?

Use a black magic marker to find out the transparency of your paint in any medium. Draw a line on the paper or canvas with a black Sharpie, paint over it, and then you can see the paint's transparency. You can check the tube to see the opacity; however, opacity varies among manufacturers.



Edges


What are They?

In painting, it refers to a change in value from lighter to darker (or vice versa), i.e., a change in tint or shade. It may also refer to a change in color or hue (from one color to another) or a change in temperature from warm to cool or vice versa.


Four Types of Edges
  • Sharp, crisp, or hard edges are very contrastive and demand attention. Hard edges create the illusion of depth in contrast to soft edges. Tones with sharp edges appear to come forward, whereas tones with soft edges appear to recede in space. Sharp edges usually get our attention and are the ones in focus when we look at something. 
  • Firm edges grab less attention than sharp edges. This is where two contrasting values have a slight or some transition from one to the other. For example, in a dramatic lighting situation, cast shadows are dark next to light areas on the same plane. However, they have softer edges as the shadow recedes into space. 
  • Soft - Edges may appear fuzzy or out of focus. These are the types of edges that we see in our peripheral vision. They do not draw the viewer's attention and may fade or blur one tone into another. 
  • Lost - Edges where two tones or colors create a gradual or smooth gradation and transition from one tone into another.


Thirsty Brush


What is it?

One of the biggest challenges in watercolor painting is controlling the water in your brush. If you accidentally end up with a puddle of water on your paper because you had too much water in your brush, make a thirsty brush by rinsing it out, then squeezing the water out with a paper towel or sponge. The brush will absorb the excess water.


Techniques or Tutorials

Includes the following.

Testing for Transparency

Use a black marker, then paint over it with your paints to see if they are semi-transparent or transparent.

Testing pigments for transparency

Color Mixing

Color mixing studies from Stacy Egan's notebook.
To enlarge, click on the image.

Earth Yellow Mixtures
Brown and Gray Mixtures
Neutralized (Earth) Oranges
Neutralized (Earth) Yellows
Color Study of Greens
Neutralized Greens


List of Pigments Unique to Each Palette



Watercolor Travel Kit Accessories and Palettes for Sale


  • The Art Toolkit is a small, compact palette for travel.
  • The A. Gallo honey-based watercolor travel palettes.

Materials or Supplies

Includes the following.

Preferred Watercolor Paint Brands



Watercolor Paper

The traditional and most common support is watercolor paper. Papers are selected based on their finish and weight.

Manufacturers generally sell three or more finishes, usually labeled Rough, Cold Press, or Hot Press. See "Paper Finishes" for a description of each.

"Watercolor blocks" keep the paper from buckling up when it gets wet or is waterlogged. Once the artwork is completely dry, each paper may be removed using a razor blade or a thin object to separate it from the block.

For more information on choosing a paper, click here.



Types of Paper Finishes


Include the following:

  • Unfinished or rough, this finish retains a particular texture. The coarse or textured paper has a strong tooth and can grab smooth materials such as charcoal or pastel.
  • The cold press is smooth. It is less textured and has a slightly weaker tooth than rough paper.
  • Hotpress is utterly smooth because it has been ironed. This type of finish allows for the most detail or smooth gradations. It is excellent for polished or finished drawings and best suited for printmaking.

Types of Finishes Explained

Includes the following.

Unfinished

It is highly coarse or textured. When manufactured, cylinders are not used to press the paper flat; they are often not pressed at all, or pressed mechanically, resulting in highly textured, rough surfaces. These papers can withstand multiple washes in wet media and are typically preferred by pastelists for enhancing texture.


Hotpress vs. Coldpress

"Hotpress," "Coldpress," and "Rough" are all designations for watercolor paper. Different processes make paper, producing a different tooth or surface texture.


Hotpress

It is incredibly smooth. When manufactured, heated cylinders press the paper flat, causing it to mold and flatten into a smooth surface. Hotpress papers are typically preferred by portrait artists, pen-and-ink artists, and anyone looking for control or precision in their mark-making, including detailed watercolor paintings.


Coldpress

It is coarse or textured. When manufactured, unheated cylinders press the paper flat, leaving minor grooves on its surface. Coldpress papers are typically preferred by landscape artists, watercolor artists, pastelists, or anyone looking to exploit the surface texture.

Tools

Includes the following.

Brushes

See the following topics.

Misters

You can slow the drying time of water media by misting your paints or surface. You can purchase an inexpensive bottle for spraying water at any local or art store.

Watercolor Atomizer Bottle—This high-quality atomizer bottle creates a stippled mist, ideal for many painting techniques. It is a clear, 2-oz (59-ml) plastic bottle with a non-clogging nozzle.


Watercolor Resources

Click the tabs below for resources.

General

Still Life

Animals or Wildlife

Landscapes

Studio Tools


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